Investigation of Laser Clad Bead Geometry to Process Parameter Settings for Effective Parameter Selection, Simulation, and Optimization

Laser cladding is an additive manufacturing technique involving deposition of powdered clad metal in successive 2D layers onto a substrate thereby creating surface coatings with enhanced material properties. Process and shape parameters contribute in defining the geometry of the clad bead; however, due to the highly coupled nature of the process, it is difficult to determine the relationship between parameters. This research predicts such parameters through development of a cognitive artificial intelligence system using artificial neural networks. A robust experimentation design process applying response surface methodology technique is adopted to collect the bead geometry data for various process configurations. Furthermore, the research identifies the extent of contribution of each factor and the impact of their interactions on the model output through ANOVA and sensitivity analysis. Lastly, a K-mean clustering algorithm is incorporated to identify optimal number of clusters present in the collected dataset on the basis of bead shape characteristics

EXPLORING LONGITUDINAL SPIN WAVE-PACKAGE SEPARATION IN A MAGNETIC MATERIAL

The Stern-Gerlach experiment was the first experimental evidence of the fact that the electrons have discrete spin states in contrary to continuous spectrum earlier hypothesized. Motivating their work, we explored the spin wave package separation for longitudinal waves as they pass through a medium with non-zero magnetization. Our analysis is based on the assumption that the wave packets have a Gaussian waveform up to a leading order. We give a analytical solution that proves that the wave package separates into up spin and down spin wave packets in the magnetic material. We backed up our results by numerical simulations. Our results show that indeed the initial wave package separates into two Gaussian wave packages. One with a positive amplitude which corresponds to spin up and one with negative amplitude which corresponds to spin down. For the experimental detection of the separated wave packages it is important that the peak to peak separation between them increase with time. Indeed, we showed that the ratio of the distance between the peaks and full width at half maximum is a increasing function of time.However, the observed separation is much smaller than the currently available probe wavelength in the industry, hence it would might be possible in the future that this result could be used for practical applications